Residual confounding, after adjustment for age, is the major criticism of observational studies on breast cancer screening effectiveness. We developed realistic scenarios for the prevalence and ...

Control for confounding is crucial in causal observational studies. However, the modelling of continuous confounders has not received much attention. This is probably because in causal research the ...

Understanding ion-specific effects is a central theme of biology. But because ions are generally manipulated through the use of salts, the complication of 'ion confounding' is introduced. Ion ...